Hydrochemical Characterization And Water Quality Evaluation For Drinking And Irrigation Purposes Of Kosi River Water At Ramnagar, Uttarakhand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51601/ijse.v4i3.102Abstract
This study used geospatial, temporal, and statistical methods to evaluate the quality of water of Kosi River in the Ramnagar area, located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand. Ramnagar city is located where the Kosi River enters the plain region after flowing through a hilly area. The river undergoes significant changes in terms of geography, environment, and urbanization. A total of fourteen water quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), phosphate (PO4−), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride (Cl−), sulfate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), dissolved oxygen (DO), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), TDS, turbidity and total hardness (TH) were measured in samples collected from eleven different sites to evaluate seasonal fluctuation during pre-monsoon (PRM) monsoon (MON), post-monsoon (POM) of the river in 2021. The concentration of parameters at each site is compared with their permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (IS 10500: 2012) to assess their suitability for human drinking. Based on the physicochemical analysis, it can be observed that the majority of the water samples taken from the river are within the recommended permissible limits for drinking purposes. Moreover, the calculated average Water Quality Index (WQI) values for PRM (44.98), MON (38.79), and POM (33.80) fall under the excellent to good categories. Statistical analyses indicate positive correlation among most of the chemical parameters. Piper diagram illustrates that all the water samples fall in Calcium-Chloride type Hydrochemical facies, Irrigation water quality of the river water was found suitable during all the three seasons according to the result of sodium adsorption ratio and sodium percentage. Therefore, based on the WQI results, it can be inferred that the water of the Kosi River in the Ramnagar region is suitable for drinking and other domestic uses without any further treatment. Therefore, to restore the vitality and water quality of the rivers, proper water resource planning program should be developed.
Downloads
References
Aravinthasamy P, Karunanidhi D, … NSRAJ of, 2020 undefined. Irrigation risk assessment of groundwater in a non-perennial river basin of South India: implication from irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and geographical. SpringerP Aravinthasamy, D Karunanidhi, N Subba Rao, T Subramani, K SrinivasamoorthyArabian Journal of Geosciences, 2020•Springer. 2020;13(21).
Bahita TA. Water Quality Assessment and Pollution Status of Upper Ganga Canal. Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee; 2019. Accessed February 2, 2024.
Swain S, Mishra SK, Pandey A. A detailed assessment of meteorological drought characteristics using simplified rainfall index over Narmada River Basin, India. Environ Earth Sci. 2021;80(6).
Wagh VM, Panaskar DB, Jacobs JA, Mukate SV, Muley AA, Kadam AK. Influence of hydro-geochemical processes on groundwater quality through geostatistical techniques in Kadava River basin, Western India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2019;12(1). doi:10.1007/S12517-018-4136-8
Wagh VM, Panaskar DB, Jacobs JA, Mukate SV, Muley AA, Kadam AK. Influence of hydro-geochemical processes on groundwater quality through geostatistical techniques in Kadava River basin, Western India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2019;12(1). doi:10.1007/s12517-018-4136-8
Wagh V, Panaskar D, Aamalawar M, Lolage Y, Mukate S, Adimall N. Hydrochemical Characterisation and Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation uses in Semiarid Region of Nashik, Maharashtra, India. Hydrospatial Analysis. 2018;2(1):43-60. doi:10.21523/gcj3.18020104
Wagh V, Mukate S, Muley A, Kadam A, Panaskar D, Varade A. Study of groundwater contamination and drinking suitability in basaltic terrain of Maharashtra, India through pig and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology -AQUA.2020;69(4):398-414. doi:10.2166/aqua.2020.108
Wagh VM, Mukate SV, Panaskar DB, Muley AA, Sahu UL. Study of groundwater hydrochemistry and drinking suitability through Water Quality Index (WQI) modelling in Kadava river basin, India. SN Appl Sci. 2019;1(10). doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1268-8
Adimalla N, Wu J. Groundwater quality and associated health risks in a semi-arid region of south India: Implication to sustainable groundwater management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2019;25(1-2):191-216. doi:10.1080/10807039.2018.1546550
Adimalla N. Controlling factors and mechanism of groundwater quality variation in semiarid region of South India: an approach of water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment (HRA). Environ Geochem Health. 2020;42(6):1725-1752. doi:10.1007/s10653-019-00374-8
Jasrotia AS, Kumar A. Groundwater Quality Mapping Based on the Geographical Information System (GIS) of Jammu District, Jammu and Kashmir India. Journal of Spatial Hydrology. 2014;12:1-21.
Jasrotia AS, Taloor AK, Andotra U, Bhagat BD. Geoinformatics based groundwater quality assessment for domestic and irrigation uses of the Western Doon valley, Uttarakhand, India. groundwater sustainable development. 2018;6:200-212.
Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Subramani T, Kumar M. Human health risks associated with multipath exposure of groundwater nitrate and environmental friendly actions for quality improvement and sustainable management: A case study from Texvalley (Tiruppur region) of India. Chemosphere. 2021;265. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129083
Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Subramani T, Muthusankar G. Revealing drinking water quality issues and possible health risks based on water quality index (WQI) method in the Shanmuganadhi River basin of South India. Environ Geochem Health. 2021;43(2):931-948. doi:10.1007/s10653-020-00613-3
Li P, Wu J, Qian H, Lyu X, Liu H. Origin and assessment of groundwater pollution and associated health risk: A case study in an industrial park, northwest China. Environ Geochem Health. 2014;36(4):693-712. doi:10.1007/s10653-013-9590-3
Li P, Tian R, Xue C, Wu J. Progress, opportunities, and key fields for groundwater quality research under the impacts of human activities in China with a special focus on western China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017;24(15):13224-13234. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8753-7
Zhang Q, Xu P, Qian H. Assessment of groundwater quality and human health risk (HHR) evaluation of nitrate in the central-western Guanzhong basin, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21). doi:10.3390/ijerph16214246
Zhang Q, Qian H, Xu P, Hou K, Yang F. Groundwater quality assessment using a new integrated-weight water quality index (IWQI) and driver analysis in the Jiaokou Irrigation District, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;212. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111992
Zhang Q, Qian H, Xu P, Li W, Feng W, Liu R. Effect of hydrogeological conditions on groundwater nitrate pollution and human health risk assessment of nitrate in Jiaokou Irrigation District. J Clean Prod. 2021;298. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126783
Zhang Q, Xu P, Chen J, Qian H, Qu W, Liu R. Evaluation of groundwater quality using an integrated approach of set pair analysis and variable fuzzy improved model with binary semantic analysis: A case study in Jiaokou Irrigation District, east of Guanzhong Basin, China. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;767. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145247
Xu P, Feng W, Qian H, Zhang Q. Hydrogeochemical characterization and irrigation quality assessment of shallow groundwater in the central-Western Guanzhong basin, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(9). doi:10.3390/ijerph16091492
Xu P, Zhang Q, Qian H, Li M, Hou K. Characterization of geothermal water in the piedmont region of Qinling Mountains and Lantian-Bahe Group in Guanzhong Basin, China. Environ Earth Sci. 2019;78(15). doi:10.1007/s12665-019-8418-6
Xu P, Li M, Qian H, Zhang Q, Liu F, Hou K. Hydrochemistry and geothermometry of geothermal water in the central Guanzhong Basin, China: a case study in Xi’an. Environ Earth Sci. 2019;78(3). doi:10.1007/s12665-019-8099-1
Taloor AK, Pir RA, Adimalla N, et al. Spring water quality and discharge assessment in the Basantar watershed of Jammu Himalaya using geographic information system (GIS) and water quality Index(WQI). Groundw Sustain Dev. 2020;10. doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100364
Xia Q xia, Gao P, Yang G, et al. The Origin of Garnets in Anatectic Rocks from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, Southeastern Tibet: Constraints from Major and Trace Element Zoning and Phase Equilibrium Relationships. Journal of Petrology. 2019;60(11):2241-2280. doi:10.1093/petrology/egaa009
Tripathi M, Singal SK. Use of Principal Component Analysis for parameter selection for development of a novel Water Quality Index: A case study of river Ganga India. Ecol Indic. 2019;96:430-436. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.09.025
Horton RK. An index number system for rating water quality. . Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation. 1965;37(3):300-306.
Ramakrishnaiah CR, Sadashivaiah C, Ranganna G. Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2009;6(2):523-530. http://www.e
Sharma R, Pankaj KS. Hydrothermal Fluids of Magmatic Origin. In: Modelling of Magmatic and Allied Processes. ; 2014:181-208. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06471-0
Hameed A, BSU, SI, & LSH. Water quality monitoring of some freshwater springs in Hazratbal Tehsil, Srinagar, Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Himalayan Ecology and Sustainable Development. 2018;13:61-74.
Bhandari NS, Nayal K. Correlation Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Quality Assessment of Kosi River Water, Uttarakhand. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2008;5(2):342-346. http://www.e
Misra S, Misra1 S, Mishra1 M, Tewari2 RC. Significance of Parting Lineation in Paleoslope Studies: An Example from Fluvial Siwalik Sandstones of Ramnagar-Kaladungi Area, Nainital, Uttrakhand. Vol 36.; 2019. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342362226
Pathak B, Upadhyay R, Bakshi S, Bisht H, Singh Kotlia B. Assessment of Water Quality of Nainital Lake and surrounding Springs, using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI). Journal Earth Science India. 2021;14(1):28-40. doi:10.31870/ESI.14.1.2021.3
Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.; 2012. Accessed February 2, 2024. https://yabesh.ir/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Standard-Methods-23rd-Perv.pdf
APHA (American Public Health Association). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Published online 2017.
Tiwari TN, Mishra M A. A preliminary assignment of water quality index of major Indian rivers. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection. 1985;5:276-279.
Toma J, Toma JJ, Assad ZS, Baez DR. Water Quality Assessment of Some Well Water in Erbil City by Quality index, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research in Biology. 2013;4:135-140. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271198800
Shekha YA. Evaluation of Water Quality for Greater Zab River by Principal Component Analysis/ Factor Analysis. Shekha Iraqi Journal of Science. 2016;57(4B):2650-2663.
Mardani S, Aghabalaei V, Tabeshnia M, Baghdadi M. Modification of conventional coagulation–flocculation process with graphene oxide and magnetite nanoparticles for turbidity removal from surface water. Desalination Water Treat. 2021;229:206-216. doi:10.5004/dwt.2021.27393
Severin BF, Hayes TD. Electrodialysis of concentrated brines: Effects of multivalent cations. Sep Purif Technol. 2019;218:1-41.
Ameen HA. . Spring water quality assessment. Appl Water Sci. 2019;176(9):1-12. Accessed February 2, 2024. 12.+https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs13201-019-1080-z+&btnG=
Ziani D, Abderrahmane B, Boumazbeur A, Benaabidate L. Water quality assessment for drinking and irrigation using major ions chemistry in the Semiarid Region: case of Djacer Spring, Algeria. Asian Journal Earth Science. 2017;10:9-21.
Valdiya KS. Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. 1st ed. The Himachal Time Press; 1980.
Piper AM. A GRAPHIC PROCEDURE IN THE GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF WATER-ANALYSES. Transactions American Geophysical Union. 1944;25(6):914-928.
Cruz J V., Amaral CS. Major ion chemistry of groundwater from perched-water bodies of the Azores (Portugal) volcanic archipelago. Applied Geochemistry. 2004;19(3):445-459.
S. M. Lesch, D. L. Suarez. Technical Note: A Short Note on Calculating the Adjusted SAR Index. Trans ASABE. 2009;52(2):493-496. doi:10.13031/2013.26842.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Latika Negi, Nitish K Semwal, Sandeep Datt Mandoli, M C Arya, S P S Mehta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
